Most malaria infections in sub-Saharan Africa are caused by P. Both efficient vectors. WHO reports that during the s and early s, malaria mortality in rural Africa increased considerably, probably as a result of increasing resistance to chloroquine.
Multidrug resistant malaria is now prevalent in many parts of the world with the highest incidence of drug and insecticide resistance reported in South East Asia. In India, urban malaria has emerged as a serious health problem in several states. Between and , the total number of imported cases of malaria in the UK has remained steady at around cases and around 8 deaths per year 5.
However, over the last 10 years an increasing proportion of imported malaria in the UK has been shown to be due to P. Approximately half of all imported malaria infections occur in travellers visiting friends and relatives. Most imported malaria cases occur in non-white ethnic groups particularly among people of African origin 5.
A large proportion of imported cases occur in travellers who have taken no chemoprophylaxis. A particularly low level of chemoprophylaxis use is seen in ethnic minority travellers 5. Reservoir Humans. Mode of transmission Transmitted by various species of infective female Anopheles mosquitoes. Most species feed and night; some important vectors have biting peaks at dusk or in the early morning 1.
Injection or transfusion of contaminated blood may also transmit malaria. These core interventions can be locally complemented by other mosquito vector control methods for example, reducing standing water habitats where insects breed, among other approaches.
Insecticide resistance Mosquito control efforts are being strengthened in many areas, but there are significant challenges, including:. There are no equally effective and efficient insecticide alternatives to DDT and pyrethroids, and the development of new pesticides is an expensive, long-term endeavour. Vector management practices that enforce the sound management of insecticides are essential. Insecticide resistance detection should be a routine feature of national control efforts to ensure that the most effective vector control methods are being used.
Beyond the human toll, malaria wreaks significant economic havoc in high-rate areas, decreasing Gross Domestic Product GDP by as much as 1. Over the long-term, these aggregated annual losses have resulted in substantial differences in GDP between countries with and without malaria particularly in Africa.
Malaria's health costs include both personal and public expenditures on prevention and treatment. In some heavy-burden countries, the disease accounts for:. Malaria disproportionately affects poor people who cannot afford treatment or have limited access to health care, and traps families and communities in a downward spiral of poverty. Recent data shows that large-scale use of WHO recommended strategies could rapidly reduce malaria, especially in areas of high transmission such as Africa.
WHO and Member States have made significant gains in malaria elimination efforts. For example, the Maldives and Sri Lanka have been certified recently for having eliminated malaria. Country successes are due to intense national commitments and coordinated efforts with partners.
Accueil General information: Malaria. Malaria: General information. You and your family can most effectively prevent malaria by taking all three of these important measures:. Any traveler who becomes ill with a fever or flu-like illness while traveling, and up to 1 year after returning home, should immediately seek professional medical care. You should tell your health-care provider that you have been traveling in an area where malaria transmission occurs and ask to be tested for malaria infection.
It depends on what areas of that country you visited, how long ago you were there, and whether you ever had malaria. In general, most travelers to an area with malaria are deferred from donating blood for 1 year after their return.
People who used to live in countries where malaria transmission occurs cannot donate blood for 3 years. People diagnosed with malaria cannot donate blood for 3 years after treatment, during which time they must have remained free of symptoms of malaria. Blood banks follow strict guidelines for accepting or deferring donors who have been in malaria-endemic areas.
They do this to avoid collecting blood for transfusions from an infected donor. In the United States during the period , there were 97 cases reported to CDC where people acquired malaria through a transfusion. Because of these control measures, transfusion-transmitted malaria is very rare in the United States and occurs at a rate of less than 1 per million units of blood transfused. The disease should be treated early in its course, before it becomes serious and life-threatening. Several good antimalarial drugs are available, and should be taken early on.
The most important step is to go see a doctor if you are sick and are presently in, or have recently been in, an area with malaria, so that the disease is diagnosed and treated right away. Malaria can be cured with prescription drugs. The type of drugs and length of treatment depend on the type of malaria, where the person was infected, their age, whether they are pregnant, and how sick they are at the start of treatment.
Very rarely. Travelers who are taking effective malaria preventive drugs but who will be traveling for an extended period of time or who will be at higher risk of developing a malaria infection may decide, in consultation with their health-care provider, to take along malaria treatment medication referred to as a reliable supply in case they develop malaria while traveling.
If the traveler develops symptoms of malaria, they should immediately seek medical attention so that they can be examined and diagnosed appropriately. If they are diagnosed with malaria, they will then already have with them a reliable supply of an effective malaria treatment medicine to take. Malaria self-treatment should begin right away if fever, chills, or other influenza-like illness symptoms occur and if professional medical care is not available within 24 hours.
Self-treatment of a possible malarial infection is only a temporary measure and immediate medical care is important. No, not necessarily. Malaria can be treated. If the right drugs are used, people who have malaria can be cured and all the malaria parasites can be cleared from their body. However, the disease can continue if it is not treated or if it is treated with the wrong drug.
Some drugs are not effective because the parasite is resistant to them. Some people with malaria may be treated with the right drug, but at the wrong dose or for too short a period of time. Two types species of parasites, Plasmodium vivax and P. People diagnosed with P. Another type of malaria, P. However, in general, if you are correctly treated for malaria, the parasites are eliminated and you are no longer infected with malaria.
Malaria typically is found in warmer regions of the world — in tropical and subtropical countries. Higher temperatures allow the Anopheles mosquito to thrive. Malaria parasites, which grow and develop inside the mosquito, need warmth to complete their growth before they are mature enough to be transmitted to humans.
Malaria occurs in more than countries and territories. A reversal in reductions of child mortality in western Kenya, — Am J Trop Med Hyg.
Download references. The views expressed in this paper do not reflect those of the funders. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Robert W Snow. Bob has lived and worked in Africa for the last 30 years.
He conducted the first clinical trials of insecticide treated bed nets in The Gambia — and moved to Kenya in to establish a program of work on the clinical epidemiology of malaria, mortality trials of treated nets, and tools to measure and map malaria risks at national and regional scales.
Reprints and Permissions. Snow, R. Global malaria eradication and the importance of Plasmodium falciparum epidemiology in Africa. BMC Med 13, 23 Download citation. Received : 09 December Accepted : 11 December Published : 03 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
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Abstract The global agenda for malaria has, once again, embraced the possibility of eradication. Background Malaria is a mosquito borne disease which, in humans, is caused by five protozoa: Plasmodium falciparum , P. Advances and challenges with malaria control Incredible progress was made following the Second World War, with the discoveries of DDT and chloroquine, shrinking the global extents of both P. Epidemiological intelligence The clinical epidemiology of P.
Figure 1. Full size image. Conclusions As we pursue an agenda to shrink the world malaria map, Africa remains the focus of greatest disease burden and cannot be forgotten.
Abbreviations ITNs: Insecticide-treated nets.
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