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A review of the effects of moderate alcohol intake on the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders external icon. Alcohol at very high levels can hinder signals in the brain that control automatic responses such as the gag reflex.
With no gag reflex, a person who drinks to the point of passing out is in danger of choking on his or her vomit and dying from a lack of oxygen i. Even if the person survives, an alcohol overdose like this can lead to long-lasting brain damage. Know the danger signals and, if you suspect that someone has an alcohol overdose, call for help immediately. Do not wait for the person to have all the symptoms, and be aware that a person who has passed out can die. Be prepared to provide information to the responders, including the type and amount of alcohol the person drank; other drugs he or she took, if known; and any health information that you know about the person, such as medications currently taking, allergies to medications, and any existing health conditions.
Do not leave an intoxicated person alone, as he or she is at risk of getting injured from falling or choking. Keep the person on the ground in a sitting or partially upright position rather than in a chair.
Help a person who is vomiting. Have him or her lean forward to prevent choking. If a person is unconscious or lying down, roll him or her onto one side with an ear toward the ground to prevent choking. Stay alert to keep your friends and family safe.
And remember—you can avoid the risk of an alcohol overdose by staying within the Dietary Guidelines for Americans if you choose to drink, or by not drinking at all. Accessed September 5, Drinking beyond the binge threshold: Predictors, consequences, and changes in the U. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 52 6 —, Instances of water intoxication at these events have resulted in death.
One case involved a runner who had collapsed after a marathon. The runner then developed water on the brain, known as hydrocephalus , and a hernia in his brain stem, which caused his death.
One medical report described 17 soldiers who developed hyponatremia after drinking too much water during training. According to another report , three soldiers died due to hyponatremia and cerebral edema. These deaths were associated with drinking more than 5 liters of water in just a few hours. The symptoms of hyponatremia can be misinterpreted as those of dehydration.
According to one report , a soldier who received an incorrect diagnosis of dehydration and heat stroke died from water intoxication as a result of rehydration efforts. Compulsive water drinking, also called psychogenic polydipsia , can be a symptom of various mental health conditions. It is most common among people with schizophrenia , but it can also arise in people with affective disorders, psychosis, and personality disorders. Bottom line : Water intoxication can be life threatening, and it is most common among soldiers in training, endurance athletes, and people with schizophrenia.
It is difficult to consume too much water by accident. However, it can happen, and there have been numerous reports of death due to excess water intake. People at risk of death from water intoxication tend to be participating in endurance sporting events or military training. A person who is doing neither is unlikely to die from drinking too much water. Overhydration and water intoxication happen when a person drinks more water than their kidneys can get rid of via urine.
According to figures quoted in a study , the kidneys can eliminate about 20—28 liters of water a day, but they can remove no more than 0. To avoid hyponatremia, it is important not to outpace the kidneys by drinking more water than they can eliminate. The authors of the study report that hyponatremia symptoms can develop if a person drinks 3—4 liters of water in a short period, though they do not give a specific time estimate. According to one case report , soldiers developed symptoms after consuming at least 2 quarts 1.
Another report describes the development of hyponatremia after drinking more than 5 liters in a few hours. Water intoxication and prolonged hyponatremia also occurred in an otherwise healthy year-old prisoner who drank 6 liters of water in 3 hours. Finally, according to one report , a 9-year-old girl developed water intoxication after consuming 3.
Bottom line : The kidneys can remove 20—28 liters of water per day, but they cannot excrete more than 0. Drinking more than this can be harmful. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC , there are no official guidelines about how much water a person needs to drink each day. The right amount differs, depending on factors such as body weight , level of physical activity, the climate, and whether they are breastfeeding.
In , The National Academy of Medicine recommended that women aged 19—30 consume around 2. However, this was not based on research. Relying on thirst may not work for everyone. Athletes, older adults, and pregnant women, for example, may need to drink more water each day.
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